💡 Apoptosis = Bax/Bak (pro), Bcl-2 (anti). No inflammation in apoptosis.

💡 CML = t(9;22) BCR-ABL. AML = Auer rods. CLL = Smudge cells.

💡 p53 = Guardian of genome. Rb = Retinoblastoma.

💡 Minimal change disease = Podocyte effacement, kids.

💡 IL-1 = fever. TNF-alpha = shock. IL-6 = acute phase. Bradykinin = pain.

💡 Type I = IgE (anaphylaxis). Type II = IgG/IgM. Type III = immune complex. Type IV = T-cell.

💡 Virchow's triad: stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability.

💡 Alcoholic liver: fatty liver→hepatitis→cirrhosis. Mallory bodies = damaged keratin.

💡 Nephritic = RBC casts. Nephrotic = fatty casts. IgA = most common GN worldwide.

💡 AL = primary (light chains). AA = secondary (chronic inflammation). Congo red = apple-green birefringence.

💡 Asbestosis = ferruginous bodies, mesothelioma. Silicosis = egg-shell calcification.

💡 Down syndrome = trisomy 21 (47,XY+21). Turner = 45,XO (short female, shield chest).